Bizans surlar\u0131, Hali\u00e7 ve Marmara’n\u0131n \u00e7evreledi\u011fi b\u00f6lge, Tarihi Yar\u0131mada Fatih’tir. Kuzeyinde Ey\u00fcp il\u00e7esi, kuzeydo\u011fusunda Hali\u00e7, g\u00fcneyde Marmara Denizi, bat\u0131da Zeytinburnu ve kuzeybat\u0131da Bayrampa\u015fa il\u00e7elerine kom\u015fu olan Fatih, \u00fc\u00e7 yan\u0131 denizlerle \u00e7evrili bir yar\u0131mada g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndedir. Binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi i\u00e7inde pek \u00e7ok uygarl\u0131\u011fa ev sahipli\u011fi yapan bu co\u011frafya, bug\u00fcn \u0130stanbul’un en \u00f6nemli tarihi, turistik ve ticari merkezidir. B\u00f6lgeye Suri\u00e7i \u0130stanbul’da denilmektedir.
Asya ve Avrupa aras\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7i\u015f yolu olan b\u00f6lge, Paleolitik, Neolitik ve Tun\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131ndan itibaren \u00e7e\u015fitli yerle\u015fimlere ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarihi Yar\u0131mada’n\u0131n tarihi ile ilgili ilk buluntular Neolitik \u00e7a\u011fa ait buluntulard\u0131r ve Yenikap\u0131’da, Marmaray kaz\u0131lar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00d6 6500 y\u0131llar\u0131na denk gelen Neolitik d\u00f6nem, ilk defa insano\u011flunun tar\u0131msal \u00fcretime ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bitki ve hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemde yaz\u0131, takvim, matematik, yap\u0131 sanat\u0131 ve kent kurma bilincinin geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.
Sarayburnu’nda da Sultanahmet Meydan\u0131’n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda ise M\u00d6 5000-3000 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenen buluntular ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bulgular \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00f6lgenin yakla\u015f\u0131k 8500 y\u0131ld\u0131r yerle\u015fim yeri oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tarihi Yar\u0131mada’daki ilk \u00f6nemli uygarl\u0131k, Akdeniz’in do\u011fusunda, Akdeniz ticaret a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmak ve bu\u011fday ticaretinden yararlanmak isteyen Megaral\u0131lard\u0131r. Megaral\u0131lar, bir koloni kurmak amac\u0131yla M\u00d6 660-670 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Sarayburnu b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu b\u00f6lgede, Megaral\u0131lardan \u00f6nce Traklar, Frigler ve Bitinyal\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinmektedir. Megaral\u0131lar, Sparta gelene\u011fine g\u00f6re bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan halk\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftirerek, Bizanstion \u015fehrini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu kent deniz ticaretinden beslenmektedir ve bu kentin liman\u0131, Sarayburnu’ndan Hali\u00e7’e d\u00f6n\u00fcnce ilk koy, Prosphorion Liman\u0131’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bizantion’dan yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce kurulan Roma ise fetihlerle b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve Akdeniz’deki en \u00f6nemli g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015fti. Akdeniz \u00fczerindeki canl\u0131 ticaret a\u011f\u0131, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun hem siyasi ve hem de ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcvencesiydi. \u0130mparatorluk ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a, etkisi ve g\u00fcc\u00fc azalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130mparatorluk, MS 395 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Roma olarak ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Kuzeyden gelen bask\u0131lara dayanamayan Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, MS 476 y\u0131l\u0131nda tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekilirken, yerini ticari hayat\u0131n t\u00fcm canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na, yani Bizans’a b\u0131rakt\u0131.
Do\u011fu Roma (Nea Roma), Bat\u0131 Roma’n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra bin y\u0131l kadar daha tarih sahnesinde kald\u0131. Bunun en \u00f6nemli nedenlerinden biri, Yeni Roma’n\u0131n siyasal bir ba\u015fkent olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir liman ve bir imalat merkezi olmas\u0131 ve kenti \u00e7evreleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc surlard\u0131. Surlar, uzun d\u00f6nem \u015fehri i\u015fgallerden korumu\u015ftu. Ancak b\u00f6lgedeki aktif ticaret hayat\u0131n\u0131n Venedikliler ile Cenoval\u0131lar’\u0131n elinde olmas\u0131, Nea Roma’n\u0131n sonunu haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Kent, 1204 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Latin \u0130stilas\u0131’na kadar, Avrupa uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, istila sonras\u0131 eski g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yitirdi ve 1453’te, Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in ordular\u0131na teslim oldu.
Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n yeni ba\u015fkenti olan Suri\u00e7i Tarihi Yar\u0131mada, k\u0131sa zamanda, Latin \u0130stilas\u0131’ndan \u00f6nceki g\u00f6rkemli g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcne kavu\u015ftu. Fatih Sultan Mehmed, fetihten hemen sonra, \u015fehri imar faaliyetine giri\u015fti. \u0130lk olarak fetih esnas\u0131nda harap olan surlar tamir edildi. Bak\u0131ms\u0131z ve harap durumda olan Ayasofya, tamir ettirilerek camiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. Fatih’te, Sultan’\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Camii ve K\u00fclliye ile Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131’n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Fatih K\u00fclliyesi b\u00fcnyesinde kurulan ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi’nin temellerini olu\u015fturan Sahn-\u0131 Seman Medreseleri de ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde hizmet vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde, Bizans’tan kalan su yollar\u0131 tamir edildi ve Kapal\u0131\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 in\u015fa edildi. Ayr\u0131ca, bu d\u00f6nemde \u015fehrin belediye te\u015fkilat\u0131 olu\u015fturuldu. Fatih Sultan Mehmet, H\u0131z\u0131r \u00c7elebi’yi \u015eehremini (belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131) olarak atad\u0131.
Ayr\u0131ca fetihten sonra \u015fehrin kalk\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni isk\u00e2n b\u00f6lgeleri olu\u015fturuldu. Anadolu ve Rumeli’den m\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus \u015fehre g\u00f6\u00e7e \u00f6zendirildi. \u00c7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerden H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudil n\u00fcfus da \u015fehre getirilerek belli yerlerde isk\u00e2n edildiler. Tarihi Yar\u0131mada’n\u0131n merkezini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u0130stanbul, fetihten 50 y\u0131l sonra Avrupa’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehri, bir ilim ve sanat merkezi haline geldi.
Tarihi Yar\u0131mada da, bu ihyadan nasibini ald\u0131 ve o tarihten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze pek \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz eser ula\u015ft\u0131.
Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman’\u0131n tahtta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 1520-1566 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki 46 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem, devlet i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130mparatorluk Ba\u015fkenti \u0130stanbul i\u00e7in de bir y\u00fckseli\u015f d\u00f6nemi oldu. Bu d\u00f6nem boyunca \u0130stanbul’da bir\u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da paha bi\u00e7ilmez eser in\u015fa edildi. \u015eehir yeni bentler, su kemerleri, suyollar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fmelerle bol suya kavu\u015ftu. Medreseler, kervansaraylar, hamamlar, hasbah\u00e7eler ve k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle donat\u0131lan \u0130stanbul, tam bir ba\u015fkent g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc kazand\u0131. Yine bu d\u00f6nemde Hali\u00e7 Liman\u0131 Akdeniz’in en i\u015flek limanlar\u0131ndan biri haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
16. y\u00fczy\u0131la damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran ve ‘K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck K\u0131yamet’ olarak an\u0131lan 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1509 depremi \u015fehre b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar verdi. 45 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren deprem neticesinde binlerce bina harap oldu, y\u0131k\u0131lmad\u0131k tek minare kalmad\u0131. \u015eehrin merkezi olan Tarihi Yar\u0131mada’da da pek \u00e7ok eser y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 veya zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc.
Kanuni d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zellikle Mimar Sinan taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan eserler, \u015fehre yepyeni bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm kazand\u0131rd\u0131. S\u00fcleymaniye Camii ve K\u00fclliyesi, \u015eehzadeba\u015f\u0131 Camii ve K\u00fclliyesi, Sultan Selim Camii ve K\u00fclliyesi, Mihrimah Sultan Cami, H\u00fcrrem Sultan ad\u0131na yapt\u0131r\u0131lan Haseki K\u00fclliyesi ve Haseki Hamam\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde in\u015fa edildi. S\u00fcleymaniye Medreseleri de \u0130stanbul’a bir e\u011fitim ve bilim merkezi olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi kazand\u0131rd\u0131.
Kanuni d\u00f6nemi \u0130stanbul’u baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck felaketlere de \u015fahit oldu. Veba salg\u0131nlar\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130stanbul’u s\u0131k s\u0131k etkiledi. 1554’te \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131n Ayasofya’dan Tahtakale’ye kadar olan k\u0131sm\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck hasara u\u011fratt\u0131.
1554’teki \u015fiddetli f\u0131rt\u0131nada ise denizin kabarmas\u0131 sonucu dereler ta\u015ft\u0131, bir\u00e7ok insan bo\u011fuldu. 1563’teki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u011fmur neticesi olu\u015fan seller ise bundan da b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlara yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lale Devri’nde \u015fehir, bir\u00e7ok yenilikler ve de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fad\u0131. Sadrazam Nev\u015fehirli Damat \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa \u00f6zellikle Paris ve Viyana’dan getirttirdi\u011fi projelerden esinlenerek \u0130stanbul’un imar\u0131na el att\u0131. \u0130lk \u00f6nce Hali\u00e7 \u0131slah edildi ve Hali\u00e7 kenarlar\u0131 gezinti yerleri haline getirildi. Suri\u00e7i ve Surd\u0131\u015f\u0131’ndaki semtlerde bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6\u015fk ve bah\u00e7e yap\u0131ld\u0131. Daha \u00f6nce yang\u0131nlarla harap olmu\u015f semtler yeniden in\u015fa edildi.
Tanzimat d\u00f6nemi ise, 3 Kas\u0131m 1839’da Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131’n\u0131n G\u00fclhane Bah\u00e7esi’nden halka okunmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131. Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin h\u0131zland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130stanbul ve Tarihi Yar\u0131mada mimariden ya\u015fama tarz\u0131na, e\u011fitim kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131na kadar bir \u00e7ok alanda yenilikler ya\u015fad\u0131. \u015eehir, bu d\u00f6nemde Suri\u00e7i’nden Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y’e, Galata’da ise Te\u015fvikiye y\u00f6n\u00fcne do\u011fru yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i’nde Sar\u0131yer’e ve Anadolu yakas\u0131nda Bostanc\u0131 ve Beykoz y\u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc.
Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde klasik Osmanl\u0131 mimarisi terk edildi ve yeni yap\u0131lar barok, rokoko, neogotik ve ampir gibi Bat\u0131l\u0131 tarzlarda in\u015fa edildi. Hatta bu \u00fcslup de\u011fi\u015fmesi cami mimarisine kadar n\u00fcfus etti.
Bu y\u0131llar, altyap\u0131 ve kent hizmetlerinde de \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelere sahne oldu. Hali\u00e7 \u00fczerine k\u00f6pr\u00fc yap\u0131lmas\u0131, t\u00fcnel (metro), Rumeli Demiryolu, kent i\u00e7i deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan \u015eirket-i Hayriye’nin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, \u015eehremaneti (Belediye) \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn di\u011fer belediye dairelerinin kurulmas\u0131, ilk telgraf hatt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi, Zaptiye Nezareti’nin kurulmas\u0131 ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131 karakollar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, Vak\u0131f Gureba Hastanesi’nin hizmete girmesi bu geli\u015fmelerin sadece baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.
Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde \u0130stanbul tarihinde yeni sayfa a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. (31 A\u011fustos 1876). Ancak k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015flayan T\u00fcrk-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (27 Nisan 1877) \u015fehri pani\u011fe bo\u011fdu. Bu sava\u015fta Rumeli cephesine yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle \u0130stanbul sava\u015f\u0131n bir\u00e7ok ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. Kentin i\u00e7inden bat\u0131ya asker sevki, \u00f6te yandan cepheden gelen hastalar ve yaral\u0131larla sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7an Rumeli’li muhacirler kentte bir\u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu muhacirler sefalet i\u00e7inde cami ve medreselerde ve bo\u015f alanlar\u0131 saran tahta ve teneke barakalarda ya\u015famaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.
Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130stanbul Tarihi Yar\u0131mada, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir deprem felaketi de ya\u015fad\u0131. Halk aras\u0131nda ‘\u00dc\u00e7 y\u00fcz on Depremi’ denen 1894 depreminde Suri\u00e7i, \u00e7ok zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Ama b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcratle yap\u0131m onar\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na giri\u015fildi.
\u0130\u015fgal ve M\u00fctareke y\u0131llar\u0131nda Tarihi Yar\u0131mada pek a\u015fina olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6sterilere \u015fahit oldu. 19 May\u0131s 1919’da Sultanahmet Meydan\u0131’nda ilk kez kad\u0131n hatiplerin de konu\u015fma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fatih Mitingi yap\u0131ld\u0131. Mitinge 50 binden fazla insan kat\u0131ld\u0131.
Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde, b\u00f6lgede \u00f6zellikle Menderes’in imar hareketleri d\u00f6neminde (1954-1960) yo\u011fun g\u00f6\u00e7le birlikte yap\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca, \u00e7ok katl\u0131 beton yap\u0131lar da artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u015eehrin merkezi olan Tarihi Yar\u0131mada’da geni\u015f caddeler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve 1950’den sonra ba\u015flayan i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketi kentin sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel dokusunu da de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tarihi Yar\u0131mada, Do\u011fu Roma’dan Bizans’a, Osmanl\u0131’dan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar, \u00f6nemini hep korudu. 13 Ekim 1923’te Ankara’n\u0131n Ba\u015fkent olmas\u0131yla \u00fclkenin y\u00f6netim merkezi olmas\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fini yitirdi. 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi olumsuzluklar ve ba\u015fkentin Ankara’ya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, \u0130stanbul’un (Tarihi Yar\u0131mada) bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine fakir kalmas\u0131na neden oldu. Fakat daha sonra stratejik konumu ve do\u011fal yap\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 yeniden toparlanarak ticaretin, sanayinin ve turizmin merkezi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bug\u00fcn, \u0130stanbul Valili\u011fi ve B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi’nin y\u00f6netim merkezleri Tarihi Yar\u0131mada s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
29 Mart 2009 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 5757 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla Suri\u00e7i’nde yer alan Emin\u00f6n\u00fc ve Fatih il\u00e7eleri birle\u015ftirilerek, \u0130stanbul’u fetheden kumandan Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan tek bir il\u00e7eye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
TAR\u0130H\u0130 Bizans surlar\u0131, Hali\u00e7 ve Marmara’n\u0131n \u00e7evreledi\u011fi b\u00f6lge, Tarihi Yar\u0131mada Fatih’tir. Kuzeyinde Ey\u00fcp il\u00e7esi, kuzeydo\u011fusunda Hali\u00e7, g\u00fcneyde Marmara Denizi, bat\u0131da Zeytinburnu ve kuzeybat\u0131da Bayrampa\u015fa il\u00e7elerine kom\u015fu olan Fatih, \u00fc\u00e7 yan\u0131 denizlerle \u00e7evrili bir yar\u0131mada g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndedir. Binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi i\u00e7inde pek \u00e7ok uygarl\u0131\u011fa ev sahipli\u011fi yapan bu co\u011frafya, bug\u00fcn \u0130stanbul’un en \u00f6nemli tarihi, turistik ve ticari …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1800,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[44],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1799"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1799"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1799\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1802,"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1799\/revisions\/1802"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1800"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1799"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1799"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/karagumruk.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1799"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}